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  <meta name="description" content="语法现在已经忘得七七八八了，虽然以前基本也没有怎么掌握语法，所以决定从头开始学，路漫漫其修远兮。笔记来源张满胜老师的书和喜马拉雅FM的《老薛侃英语语法》。  语言的构造级别（五个层次） 词（word） 短语（phrase） 句子（sentence） 段落（paragraph） 篇章（discourse）  英语句子五成分论我们耳熟能详的是”主谓宾定状从”，但实际上，”定语”并不能算是真正意义的句">
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        <blockquote>
<p>语法现在已经忘得七七八八了，虽然以前基本也没有怎么掌握语法，所以决定从头开始学，路漫漫其修远兮。<br>笔记来源张满胜老师的书和喜马拉雅FM的《老薛侃英语语法》。</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="语言的构造级别（五个层次）"><a href="#语言的构造级别（五个层次）" class="headerlink" title="语言的构造级别（五个层次）"></a>语言的构造级别（五个层次）</h1><ul>
<li>词（word）</li>
<li>短语（phrase）</li>
<li>句子（sentence）</li>
<li>段落（paragraph）</li>
<li>篇章（discourse）</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="英语句子五成分论"><a href="#英语句子五成分论" class="headerlink" title="英语句子五成分论"></a>英语句子五成分论</h1><p>我们耳熟能详的是”主谓宾定状从”，但实际上，”定语”并不能算是真正意义的句子成分。</p>
<h2 id="什么词才有定语？或者说定语是修饰什么词的？"><a href="#什么词才有定语？或者说定语是修饰什么词的？" class="headerlink" title="什么词才有定语？或者说定语是修饰什么词的？"></a>什么词才有定语？或者说定语是修饰什么词的？</h2><p>这个问题不 难回答，那就是名词（noun）才有定语，也就是说，定语是用来修饰或 限定名词的。定语只是名词短语的构 成成分，我们姑且称之为“短语成分”。<br>语言的构造级别可以分为词、短语、句子、段落 和篇章这样的等级。主语、谓语、宾语、补语和状语这五种“句子成分”都是在“句子”这一层级上的成分，而定语成分则“稍逊一层”，它属于“短语”这一层级， 是属于“短语成分”，即是组成名词短语的成分，然后通过名词短语间接 地构成句子成分。<br>所以，把“定语”从“句子成分”中剔除，实在是因为它与其他五种“句子成分”不是一个级别。</p>
<h1 id="系动词"><a href="#系动词" class="headerlink" title="系动词"></a>系动词</h1><h2 id="常用系动词"><a href="#常用系动词" class="headerlink" title="常用系动词"></a>常用系动词</h2><h1 id="最简单的从句"><a href="#最简单的从句" class="headerlink" title="最简单的从句"></a>最简单的从句</h1><p>状语从句就是在整句中作状语的从句。</p>
<p>状语从句的构成：从属连词+简单句（陈述句式）。</p>
<p>根据状语从句从属连词所表达的含义，状语从句可分为九种：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句，程度状语从句和方式状语从句。</p>
<h2 id="时间状语从句"><a href="#时间状语从句" class="headerlink" title="时间状语从句"></a>时间状语从句</h2><p>时间状语从句就是表示时间的状语从句，主要连词有：when, after, before, since, till / until, whenever, while, as, as soon as, immediately, the minute, next time, every time 等。<br>一、普通时间状语从句。举例：</p>
<p>I have lived in Shanghai since I was a child. 我从小就住在上海。</p>
<p>二、until 引导的时间状语从句。举例：</p>
<p>I waited until he came back. 我一直等到他回来。（主句中 wait 是延续性动词）</p>
<p>I didn’t leave until he came back. 他回来了我才走。（主句中 leave 是短暂性动词，用 not…until… 句型）</p>
<p>三、while 引导的时间状语从句。举例：</p>
<p>While we were talking, the teacher came in. 我们还在讲话的时候老师进来了。</p>
<p>We were talking when the teacher came in. 我们还在讲话，正在这时，老师进来了。</p>
<p>四、如果主句动作和从句动作都发生在将来，主句采用将来时态，从句则用一般现在时。举例：</p>
<p>I will tell him about it when he comes. 他来的时候我会告诉他这件事。</p>
<h2 id="地点状语从句"><a href="#地点状语从句" class="headerlink" title="地点状语从句"></a>地点状语从句</h2><p>地点状语从句就是表示地点的状语从句，其连词主要有：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 等。举例：</p>
<p>Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。</p>
<p>You can go wherever you like. 你可以去任何你想去的地方。</p>
<p>注意：where 引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句时的不同含义。举例：</p>
<p>I want to know where he lives. 我想知道他住在哪里。（宾语从句）</p>
<p>I have been to the city where he lives. 我去过他住的那座小城。（定语从句）</p>
<p>He planted a tree where he lives. 他在自己住的地方种了一棵树。（状语从句）</p>
<h2 id="原因状语从句"><a href="#原因状语从句" class="headerlink" title="原因状语从句"></a>原因状语从句</h2><p>原因状语从句就是表示原因的状语从句，主要连词有：because, as, since, for, in that, now that, seeing that, considering that, given that, insomuch as, inasmuch as 等。</p>
<p>because, as, since, for 的区别：</p>
<ol>
<li>because 语气强，用以回答 why，可以用 only, just 或 not 等词修饰。</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>as, since 常表示“双方都已知的事实”，since 语气较弱。</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>for 引导的原因状语一般不是主句的直接原因，常表示补充说明。</li>
</ol>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不能因为有人说你坏话就发怒。</p>
<p>As / Since all the seats were full, he stood up. 由于所有座位都满了，他只好站着。</p>
<p>He seldom goes out now, for he is very old. 他现在很少出门了，因为年纪大了。</p>
<p>It is still in excellent condition considering that it was built 600 years ago. 这是六百年前的建筑，至今依然保存完好。</p>
<h2 id="条件状语从句"><a href="#条件状语从句" class="headerlink" title="条件状语从句"></a>条件状语从句</h2><p>条件状语从句就是表示条件的状语从句，其连词主要有：if, unless, suppose, supposing (that), assuming (that), providing (that), provided (that), in the event (that), given (that), on condition (that), as (so) long as 等。</p>
<p>条件状语从句分为非真实条件句（即虚拟语气，见第40讲）和真实条件句。本讲仅涉及真实条件句。举例：</p>
<p>If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. 如果明天天气好，我们就到乡下去。</p>
<p>He won’t finish his work in time unless he works hard. 除非他努力干，否则不会及时完成工作。</p>
<p>Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 如果没有人反对，我们就在这里开会。</p>
<p>注意：如果主句动作和从句动作都发生在将来，主句用将来时，从句则用一般现在时。</p>
<h2 id="让步状语从句"><a href="#让步状语从句" class="headerlink" title="让步状语从句"></a>让步状语从句</h2><p>让步状语从句就是表示“尽管”、“虽然”、“即使”、“无论”等概念的状语从句，其连词主要有：though, although, even though, even if, while, whereas, granting that, granted that, admitting (that), for all (that), in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, , whether…or…, wh-ever, no matter + wh- 等。</p>
<p>一、基本模式。举例：</p>
<p>Though it was only nine o’clock, there were few people in the streets. 虽然时间才九点钟，可街上已经没什么人了。</p>
<p>Even if it rains tomorrow, I won’t change my plan. 即便明天下雨，我也不会改变计划。</p>
<p>They are good people, for all that their ways are not the same as ours. 他们好人，尽管他们的习惯和我们不一样。</p>
<p>二、Wh-ever （= no matter + wh-）。举例：</p>
<p>Don’t believe him, whatever he says (no matter what he says). 无论他说什么都别信他。</p>
<p>三、whether…or… (= no matter whether…or…)。举例：</p>
<p>I’ll go, (no matter) whether you come with me or stay at home. 无论你跟着我还是呆在家里，我都要走。</p>
<p>四、as 引导让步状语从句，必须以形容词、名词或动词原形开头，且从句要置于主句之前。举例：</p>
<p>Old as I am, I can still fight. 我虽老，仍能战斗。</p>
<p>Try as you may, you will never succeed. 你再努力也不能成功。</p>
<p>King as he was, he was unhappy. 尽管他是国王，但还是不开心。（king前不能加冠词）</p>
<h2 id="目的状语从句"><a href="#目的状语从句" class="headerlink" title="目的状语从句"></a>目的状语从句</h2><p>目的状语从句就是表示目的的状语从句，其连词主要有 so that, in order that, lest, in case (that), for fear (that) 等。目的状语从句有两个主要特点：</p>
<p>1.从句中常用情态动词 may (might), can (could), will (would), shall (should)。</p>
<ol>
<li>从句多置于主句之后，除非表示强调。</li>
</ol>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>You must speak loudly so that / in order that you may be heard by all. 你讲话一定要大声一点，这样大家才能听见。</p>
<p>注意：lest, in case (that), for fear (that) 要接虚拟语气。</p>
<h2 id="结果状语从句"><a href="#结果状语从句" class="headerlink" title="结果状语从句"></a>结果状语从句</h2><p>结果状语从句就是表示结果的状语从句，其连词主要有：so that, such that, with the result that, so…that…, such…that…等。结果状语从句要置于主句之后。</p>
<p>一、基本模式。举例：</p>
<p>She sat behind me so that / such that / with the result that I could not see the expression on her face. 她坐在我后面，我无法看到她脸上的表情。</p>
<p>二、so…that… 和 such…that…。</p>
<ol>
<li>so + 形容词 / 副词 + that…。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>He speaks so fast that no one could catch him. 他说话太快，没人能听明白。</p>
<ol>
<li>such + 名词 + that…。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>He’s such a good person that we mustn’t blame him. 他人这么好，我们不能怪他。</p>
<ol>
<li>so + 形容词 + 单数名词 + that…。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>He’s so good a person that we mustn’t blame him. 他人这么好，我们不能怪他。</p>
<ol>
<li>so + many / much / few / little + that…。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>He gave me so little time that it was impossible for me to finish the work on time. 他给我的时间太少了，以至于我无法按时完成工作。</p>
<h2 id="程度状语从句"><a href="#程度状语从句" class="headerlink" title="程度状语从句"></a>程度状语从句</h2><p>程度状语从句用来表示动作或状态所达到的程度，其连词主要有：so that, such that, as (so) far as, as (so) long as, to the degree (extent) that, in so far as 等。</p>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>Her heart beat so that she could hardly breathe. 她心跳剧烈，几乎都无法呼吸。</p>
<p>His courage is such that she does not know the meaning of fear. 他胆子很大，不知道什么叫做害怕。</p>
<p>So far as the weather is concerned, I do not think it matters. 就天气而论，我觉得没什么要紧。</p>
<p>As long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。</p>
<p>A computer is intelligent only to the degree (extent) that it can store imformation. 计算机的智能仅限于它能存储信息。</p>
<p>I’ll help you as far as / in so far as I can. 我会尽可能帮助你。</p>
<h2 id="方式状语从句"><a href="#方式状语从句" class="headerlink" title="方式状语从句"></a>方式状语从句</h2><p>方式状语从句就是表示动作方式的状语从句，其连词主要有：as, (in) the way (that), (just) as…so…, as if, as though 等。方式状语从句多置于主句后。</p>
<p>一、as 和 (in) the way (that) 。举例：</p>
<p>I did just as / the way you told me. 我正是照你说的做的。</p>
<p>二、(just) as…so…。举例：</p>
<p>As water is to fish, so air is to man. 人离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。</p>
<p>三、as if 和 as though。举例：</p>
<p>You answer as if / as though you did not know the rule. 你回答问题好像你不知道这条规则似的。</p>
<p>She closed her eyes as if / as though she were tired. 她闭上眼睛，好像是累了。</p>
<h1 id="非谓语"><a href="#非谓语" class="headerlink" title="非谓语"></a>非谓语</h1><p>英语中，动词只有一项功能——谓语，而谓语也只能由动词充当。如果动词想承担谓语以外的功能，就需要发生形式变化，这种形式发生了变化的动词被称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词保留了动词的及物与不及物特征，可以由状语修饰，但本质上已不再是动词。</p>
<p>一、种类</p>
<p>v.-ing （一般记作 doing，动名词 / 现在分词）</p>
<p>v.-ed （一般记作 done，过去分词）</p>
<p>to v. （一般记作 to do，不定式）</p>
<p>二、词性</p>
<p>doing （名词、形容词、副词）</p>
<p>done（形容词、副词）</p>
<p>to do（名词、形容词、副词）</p>
<p>三、功能</p>
<p>doing（主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语）</p>
<p>done （表语、定语、状语、补语）</p>
<p>to do（主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语）</p>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>Reading aloud is very helpful. 大声朗读很有用。（动名词作主语）</p>
<p>I prefer to read aloud. 我喜欢大声朗读。（不定式作宾语）</p>
<p>What I like is to read aloud. 我喜欢大声朗读。（不定式作表语）</p>
<p>He is the only one to read aloud in the reading contest. 他是朗读比赛中唯一一个大声朗读的人。（不定式作定语）</p>
<p>He is sitting on a bench, reading aloud. 他坐在长椅上大声朗读。（现在分词作状语）</p>
<p>I saw him reading aloud in the park. 我看见他在公园里大声朗读。（现在分词作宾语补足语）</p>
<h2 id="非谓语动词不同形式"><a href="#非谓语动词不同形式" class="headerlink" title="非谓语动词不同形式"></a>非谓语动词不同形式</h2><p>除了三个一般形式 doing，done 和 to do，非谓语还有以下三种形式。</p>
<p>一、否定式：直接在非谓语前加 not。举例：</p>
<p>The doctor advised me not to smoke. 医生建议我不要抽烟。</p>
<p>二、时间形式</p>
<ol>
<li>进行式：to be doing（不定式），表示与主句动作同时发生并正在进行。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>They seemed to be discussing something important. 他们当时似乎正在讨论重要的事情。</p>
<ol>
<li>完成式：having done（动名词 / 现在分词），to have done（不定式），表示发生在主句动作之前的动作。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 不要意思让你等了这么久。</p>
<p>三、被动式：being done（动名词 / 现在分词），to be done（不定式） 。举例：</p>
<p>It’s my great honor to be invited to your birthday party. 能受邀参加您的生日宴会，我感到很荣幸。</p>
<p>注意：时间形式和被动式结合以后，还可以产生如下形式。</p>
<p>having been done （动名词 / 现在分词的完成被动式）</p>
<p>to have been done（不定式的完成被动式）</p>
<p>The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这本书已经被翻译成多种语言。</p>
<h2 id="动名词主语"><a href="#动名词主语" class="headerlink" title="动名词主语"></a>动名词主语</h2><p>当非谓语 doing 是名词时被称为动名词，可以在句中承担主语功能。</p>
<p>一、一般形式。举例：</p>
<p>Crying is no use. 哭没有用。</p>
<p>二、形式主语</p>
<p>用 it 充当形式主语，动名词充当真正主语时，通常用于 it is … 所构成的系表结构中，而表语部分往往是 no use, useless, no good, good, nice, fun, interesting, enjoyable, foolish, senseless, worthwhile 等词。举例：</p>
<p>It is no use crying. 哭没有用。</p>
<p>三、动名词复合结构</p>
<p>动名词复合结构指的是动名词前出现逻辑主语，该逻辑主语由名词所有格或形容词性物主代词充当，多见于采用形式主语的句式中。举例：</p>
<p>It is no use Tom’s trying to deceive me. 汤姆想骗我是没有用的。</p>
<p>It is no use his trying to deceive me. 他想骗我是没有用的。</p>
<h2 id="不定式主语"><a href="#不定式主语" class="headerlink" title="不定式主语"></a>不定式主语</h2><p>非谓语不定式 to do 具有名词性质，可以在句中承担主语功能。</p>
<p>一、一般形式。举例：</p>
<p>To help you is my pleasure. 帮助您是我的荣幸。</p>
<p>二、形式主语</p>
<p>It is my pleasure to help you. 帮助您是我的荣幸。</p>
<p>注意：动名词和不定式作主语时，都可以采用形式主语句式，但形式主语 it 后的谓语或系表模式不同。</p>
<p>三、不定式复合结构</p>
<p>不定式复合结构指的是不定式前加逻辑主语，该逻辑主语可以由 for 或 of 两个介词引导，多见于采用形式主语的句式中。</p>
<ol>
<li>一般情况下由 for 来引导逻辑主语。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>It is important for us to learn English. 我们要学英语，这很重要。</p>
<ol>
<li>如果系表结构中的形容词是 kind, honest, good, nice, bad, silly, stupid, bold, clever, cruel, rude, courteous, sensible, tactful, thoughtful, typical, wise, wrong 等词，则由 of 来引导逻辑主语。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>It is kind of you to help me. 谢谢你帮我忙。</p>
<p>四、“疑问词+不定式”结构</p>
<p>疑问词 what, who, which, when, where 和 how 后面加不定式构成一种特殊结构，可以充当主语。举例：</p>
<p>When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。</p>
<h2 id="动名词宾语"><a href="#动名词宾语" class="headerlink" title="动名词宾语"></a>动名词宾语</h2><p>动名词 doing 可以在句中充当宾语。</p>
<p>一、动名词充当宾语，谓语动词主要有：admit, acknowledge, appreciate, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, favor, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, keep, mind, resist, risk, understand, practice, postpone, quit, suggest 等。举例：</p>
<p>He gave up / quit smoking and drinking early in his life. 他早年就戒酒戒烟了。</p>
<p>二、充当介词的宾语。举例：</p>
<p>Are you interested in buying second-hand books? 你对买旧书感兴趣吗？</p>
<p>注意：有时介词可以省去。举例：</p>
<p>He meant to go hunting. 他打算去打猎。</p>
<p>What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚呢？</p>
<p>三、充当少数形容词的宾语。举例：</p>
<p>The music is worth listening. 这音乐值得听。</p>
<p>We are busy preparing for the coming party. 我们正忙于准备即将到来的派对。</p>
<h2 id="不定式宾语"><a href="#不定式宾语" class="headerlink" title="不定式宾语"></a>不定式宾语</h2><p>动词不定式 to do 可以在句中充当宾语。</p>
<p>一、不定式充当宾语，谓语动词主要有：afford，agree，aim，appear，arrange，ask，care，choose，claim，decide，demand，determine，endeavor，expect，fail，happen, help，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，proceed，promise，prove，refuse，resolve，seem，swear，tend，threaten，undertake，volunteer，vow，want，wish 等。举例：</p>
<p>I happen to know the answer to the question. 我碰巧知道问题的答案。</p>
<p>二、有些动词既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词充当宾语，主要有：like, love, prefer, hate, bother, begin, start, cannot bear, continue, cease 等。举例：</p>
<p>Don’t bother to get / getting dinner for me. 不必费心为我做晚饭了。</p>
<p>三、有些动词既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词充当宾语，但意思不同。</p>
<ol>
<li>stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事；stop doing sth. 停止做某事。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>Stop to think about it for a while. 停下来考虑一会儿。</p>
<p>Stop talking, please. 别讲话了。</p>
<ol>
<li>remember / forget to do sth. 记得/忘记要去做某事；remember / forget doing sth. 记得/忘记已经做过某事。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>I forgot to lock the door. 我忘记锁门了。</p>
<p>I forgot locking the door. 我忘记已经锁过门了。</p>
<ol>
<li>try to do sth. 努力做某事；try doing sth. 尝试做某事。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>I’ll try to do better next time. 我下次尽力做好。</p>
<p>He tried speaking English. 他尝试说英语。</p>
<ol>
<li>go on to do sth. 接下来做某事；go on doing sth. 继续做某事。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>He went on to do the other excercises. 他接下来做其它的练习。</p>
<p>He went on doing the excercises. 他继续做练习。</p>
<ol>
<li>regret to do sth. 很遗憾要去做某事；regret doing sth. 很后悔做了某事。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>I regret to do this, but I have no choice. 很遗憾，我只能这样做，没办法。</p>
<p>I regret telling you what I did. 真后悔告诉你我做了什么。</p>
<ol>
<li>mean to do sth. 打算做某事；mean doing sth. 意味着做某事。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>I meant to call on you tomorrow. 我打算明天去看看你。</p>
<p>Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 错过这班车意味着再等一个小时。</p>
<p>四、形式宾语</p>
<p>当复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）中的宾语由不定式充当时，需要采用形式宾语 it。举例：</p>
<p>I think it quite important to learn English well. 我认为学好英语相当重要。</p>
<p>五、“疑问词+不定式”充当宾语。举例：</p>
<p>Please show me how to do that. 请告诉我该怎么做。</p>
<h2 id="非谓语表语"><a href="#非谓语表语" class="headerlink" title="非谓语表语"></a>非谓语表语</h2><p>现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）和不定式（to do）都有形容词性质，可以在句中充当表语。</p>
<p>一、现在分词充当表语多表示重复性（抽象）动作；不定式充当表语多表示一次性（具体）动作。举例：</p>
<p>My duty is serving the people. 我的职责是为人民服务。</p>
<p>My suggestion is to put off the meeting. 我的建议是会议延期。</p>
<p>二、过去分词充当表语，注意与被动语态区分。举例：</p>
<p>The library is now closed. 图书馆现在不开门。（状态，过去分词作表语）</p>
<p>对比：The door was closed. 门被关上了。（动作，被动语态）</p>
<p>He’s gone. 他走了。（不及物动词过去分词作表语）</p>
<p>三、含有使动意义的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人……”，过去分词表示“感到……”，这些词汇主要有：interest, excite, satisfy, surprise, amuse, amaze, move, disappoint, please, puzzle, tire 等。举例：</p>
<ol>
<li>The book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。</li>
</ol>
<p>I am interested in the book. 我对这本书感兴趣。</p>
<ol>
<li>His arrival is surprising. 他的到来令人吃惊。</li>
</ol>
<p>I am surprised at his arrival. 我对他的到来感到很吃惊。</p>
<h2 id="分词定语"><a href="#分词定语" class="headerlink" title="分词定语"></a>分词定语</h2><p>现在分词（doing）和过去分词（done）有形容词性质，可以在句中充当定语。</p>
<p>一、单个分词充当前置定语</p>
<p>现在分词和被修饰词之间一般是主动关系；过去分词和被修饰词之间一般是被动关系。举例：</p>
<p>a developing coutry 一个发展中国家；a developed country 一个发达国家</p>
<p>boiling water 沸水；boiled water 开水</p>
<p>the ruling class 统治阶级；the ruled class 被统治阶级</p>
<p>注意：有些约定俗成的说法，修饰词和被修饰词之间并不存在主动被动关系，或主动被动关系较弱。举例：</p>
<p>welcoming speeches 欢迎辞</p>
<p>a standing committee 常务委员会</p>
<p>a decided step 决定性步骤</p>
<p>a troubled place 是非之地</p>
<p>a devoted friend 一位忠实的朋友</p>
<p>二、分词短语充当后置定语</p>
<p>现在分词和被修饰词之间一般是主动关系；过去分词和被修饰词之间一般是被动关系。举例：</p>
<p>A little child learning to walk often falls. 一个刚学走路的小孩常会摔倒。</p>
<p>The concert given by his friends was a success. 他的朋友们举办的音乐会很成功。</p>
<h2 id="不定式定语"><a href="#不定式定语" class="headerlink" title="不定式定语"></a>不定式定语</h2><p>动词不定式（to do）有形容词性质，可以在句中充当定语（只能后置）。</p>
<p>一、不定式定语和被修饰词之间是逻辑动宾或逻辑介宾关系。举例：</p>
<p>He has got many things to do. 他有许多要做的事情。</p>
<p>I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔来写字。</p>
<p>二、如果被修饰前有序数词、the next、the last、the only 等修饰词的时候，则不定式定语和被修饰词之间是逻辑主谓关系。举例：</p>
<p>The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的车是从纽约开来的。</p>
<p>He was always the first to come and the last to leave the office. 他总是最早到办公室，最晚离开。</p>
<p>三、被修饰词是动词派生的抽象名词或形容词派生的抽象名词时，一般用不定式作为后置定语。举例：</p>
<p>His wish to visit China is quite understandable. 他访问中国的愿望是完全可以理解的。（名词 wish 派生自动词 wish）</p>
<p>He is known for his ability to speak four languages. 他以能讲四国语言而闻名。（名词 ability 派生自形容词 able）</p>
<h2 id="分词状语"><a href="#分词状语" class="headerlink" title="分词状语"></a>分词状语</h2><p>现在分词（doing）和过去分词（done）都有副词性质，可以在句中充当状语，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式或伴随状况等。</p>
<p>一、分词充当状语时，分词的逻辑主语一般要和句子主语保持一致。</p>
<p>分词充当状语可视为状语从句的简化版，前提是状语从句主语和主句主语一致。举例：</p>
<ol>
<li>While I was walking in the street, I saw him.</li>
</ol>
<p>时间状语从句主语和主句主语都是 I，于是，该句可简化为;</p>
<p>(While) Walking in the street, I saw him. 我走在大街上，看到了他。（现在分词短语作时间状语）</p>
<ol>
<li>Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.</li>
</ol>
<p>原因状语从句主语和主句主语都是 he，于是，该句可简化为：</p>
<p>Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 淋了一场大雨，他浑身都湿透了。（过去分词短语作原因状语）</p>
<p>二、悬垂分词</p>
<ol>
<li>一般的悬垂分词是指分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致或在句中无法找到，因而被认为是错误的句子。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>Looking out of the window, there are a lot of mountains. 错句</p>
<ol>
<li>某些悬垂分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子主语，但在下列情况下也是可以被接受的。举例：</li>
</ol>
<p>Walking or sleeping, this subject was always in my mind. 不论走路还是睡觉，我总想着这个问题。（分词的逻辑主语是 my）</p>
<p>Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. 我们使用电能时必须改变其形状。（分词的逻辑主语是泛指代词“我们”）</p>
<ol>
<li>有些约定俗成的分词短语可视为独立状语成分，无需考虑其与逻辑主语的主动或被动关系，常见的独立成分有：</li>
</ol>
<p>generally (strictly, etc.) speaking 一般（严格……）来说</p>
<p>judging from / by… 从……来判断</p>
<p>talking of… 说起……</p>
<p>allowing for / considering… 考虑到……</p>
<p>counting… 算上……</p>
<p>assuming / supposing… 假定……</p>
<p>taken as a whole 总的来说</p>
<p>compared with… 与……相比较</p>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 听他口音，肯定是个南方人。</p>
<p>Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the book. 总的来讲，这本书没有问题。</p>
<h2 id="不定式状语"><a href="#不定式状语" class="headerlink" title="不定式状语"></a>不定式状语</h2><p>不定式（to do）具有副词性质，可以在句中充当状语，表示目的、结果、原因等。</p>
<p>一、不定式充当目的状语，可替换为 in oder to, so as to, so (such) … as to 等。举例：</p>
<p>He stood up to / in oder to / so as to be seen better. 他站起来以便大家能更清楚地看到他。</p>
<p>He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他跑得飞快以便能赶上首班车。</p>
<p>二、不定式充当结果状语。举例：</p>
<p>What have I said to make you angry? 我到底说啥了，让你这么生气？</p>
<p>He searched the room only to find nothing. 他满屋子找，却一无所获。</p>
<p>三、不定式充当原因状语。举例：</p>
<p>I’m glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。</p>
<p>四、too…to… 结构，too 修饰形容词或副词，不定式表示否定含义。举例：</p>
<p>The box is too heavy for me to carry. 箱子太沉，我搬不动。</p>
<p>五、only too…to… 或否定词+too…to… 结构，too 修饰形容词或副词，不定式表示肯定含义。举例：</p>
<p>I am only too pleased to help you. 能帮助您，我感到十分荣幸！</p>
<p>We are never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。</p>
<p>六、enough to… 结构，enough 后置修饰形容词或副词，意思是“足以……”。举例：</p>
<p>The boy is old enough to go to school. 孩子这么大了，该上学了。</p>
<p>七、不定式有些约定俗成的说法，可以用作独立状语，主要有：</p>
<p>to tell the truth / to be honest 说实话</p>
<p>to cut a long story short 长话短说</p>
<p>to make matters worse 更糟糕的是</p>
<p>to be sure 可以肯定的是</p>
<p>to be frank 坦率地说</p>
<p>举例：</p>
<p>To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough. 说实话，工资不够诱人。</p>
<h2 id="独立主格结构"><a href="#独立主格结构" class="headerlink" title="独立主格结构"></a>独立主格结构</h2><p>独立主格结构是非谓语用作状语时的一种特殊形式，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。一般情况下，非谓语用作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子主语（少数情况例外）。如果非谓语状语的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而拥有自己的独立逻辑主语时，该逻辑主语就被称为独立主格。独立主格+非谓语叫独立主格结构。英语中的独立主格结构其实不局限于非谓语模式，独立主格+形容词、独立主格+名词、独立主格+副词、独立主格+介词短语等都是比较常见的独立主格结构。</p>
<p>一、分词独立主格结构。举例：</p>
<p>(With) Weather permitting (= if weather permits), we shall go on an outing tomorrow. 天好的话，我们明天外出游玩。</p>
<p>(With) Her work done (=After her work was done), she sat down for a cup of tea. 她工作做完后，坐下来喝了杯茶。</p>
<p>二、不定式独立主格结构。举例：</p>
<p>His father to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. 他父亲今晚要来，他正忙着做饭。</p>
<p>We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。</p>
<p>A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。</p>
<p>三、其它独立主格结构。举例：</p>
<p>He went out, the door half open. 他出去了，门半开着。（独立主格+形容词）</p>
<p>More than one hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 事故中100多人丧生，许多都是孩子。（独立主格+名词）</p>
<p>School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（独立主格+副词）</p>
<p>He rode a bike, hand in pocket. 他骑着车，一只手还插在口袋里。（独立主格+介词短语）</p>
<h2 id="非谓语宾语补足语"><a href="#非谓语宾语补足语" class="headerlink" title="非谓语宾语补足语"></a>非谓语宾语补足语</h2><p>宾语补足语可以由除动词以外的多种词性充当，所以，现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）和不定式（to do）都可用作宾语补足语。</p>
<p>一、多数情况下，由不定式充当宾语补足语。举例：</p>
<p>My father doesn’t allow me to go there alone. 爸爸不让我一个人去那里。</p>
<p>We believe her to be innocent. 我们认为她无罪。</p>
<p>注意：表示思想的动词后常接 to be 作为宾语补足语，这样的动词主要有 believe, consider, declare, imagine, know, prove, suppose, feel, think, understand 等。</p>
<p>二、感官动词（see, hear, watch, notice, feel 等）后的宾语补足语。举例：</p>
<p>I heard him sing. 我听见他唱歌了。（不带 to 的不定式表动作结束）</p>
<p>I heard him singing. 我听见他正在唱歌。（现在分词表动作正在进行）</p>
<p>I heard the window beaten by the heavy raindrops. 我听见雨打窗棂的声音。（过去分词表被动）</p>
<p>三、使役动词（make, let, have, leave, keep 等）后的宾语补足语。举例：</p>
<p>Let him do it. 让他做吧。（不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语）</p>
<p>I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 我明天去理发。</p>
<p>The coach kept the players running for a whole hour. 教练让队员们跑了整整一个小时。</p>
<p>The heavy rain kept (prevented / stopped) us from going out. 大雪让我们无法外出。</p>
<p>四、某些动词接现在分词（有人看作动名词）作为宾语补足语，现在分词（动名词）前要接介词 as，这些动词主要有 regard, consider, describe, quote, picture, see, think of 等。举例：</p>
<p>We consider this sentence pattern as being useful. 我们认为这个句型很有用。（being 可省略）</p>
<p>They regarded the contract as having been broken. 他们认为该合同已经被破坏。</p>

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